⺻ Ʈ ѹα ߱ Ϻ  ̱  û  ַ ѹα dz δ밣 ֻ   Ʈŷ   Ʈŷ 似Ƽ ij ƼƮ ũε ߻ ij󸶻 Ŭ ڵ AT Ʈŷ  ũ


 α  ȸ

Peebles Cosmology's Century (2020)
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   å ַ ù 鿡 ǵ Ͽ. ... ŴԸ ڿ ȭ ŷ ִ ̷ Ű 1998-2003Ⱓ ϵ Ѵ. ... Ϻ ̾߱⸦ ̹ Ͽ. 1948 George Gamow ׷쿡 ؼ (2014), ߷ ⿩ϰ ߰ſ ʱ ܿ ٴٸ νϵ ̲ Bob Dicke ׷ ۾ Ͽ (2017). ȭ Ȯϰ ؼ 1960 ȸ 'Find the Big Bang' (Peebles, Page and Partridge; 2009) å̴. ... Ͼ ڷ Ұ,  ͵ ͳݿ , Ư ִ NASA Astrophysics Data System Bibliographic Service archive Ѵ.

Chapter I  Introduction

   ַп ϴ ̸  ɱϴ (outline)κ Ѵ. ... â 丮(creation stories) ⲯؾ Ͼ Ͱ ȣϰ ̶, â 丮 ҿϰ Ȯ λ ִ. ...  ַ ߴ° ȥǷ, ⼭ Ἲ ǵ 뼱(lines) иؼ Chapter 2 7 ߴ.

1.1 Science and Philosophy of Cosmology
   ַ ϴ , ٸ ڿ оߵ , ڿ (logic) DZ 信 ߰ߵ Ģ(rules) ۿѴٴ(operates) ̴. ... ַп 츮 ٽ ; 츮 ð ȭ(fossils)κ ߷е ִ Ϳ ؾ߸ Ѵ. ... ̽ʼ⿡ ַ ׷̳ ο ؼ ̷, ̽ϼ⿡ ַ dz ȹ Ư ϱ ū ׷ ûǾ, ٽ ͸ óϰ ؼϱ ׿ ϴ Ը ׷ ʿ ߴ. ''(Big Science) ߿, 츮 ͸ , мϰ ̷а ƴ մ Ŵ ġ ùķ̼ ϴ ͼؾ߸ Ѵ.
   å ֿ ɻ ϴ ׷  '' ؼ 䱸Ǵ ׽Ʈ鿡 ϴ Բ ̷ ϴ ̴. ̷ ̷ (revolutionary convergence) ñ⸦ 1998~2003 ű. ķδ Ŀ´Ƽ зӿ ؿԴ. ... ȭ ǥ̰ ̷п ϵ ȭ ̴. ַ (normal science) 湰 縦 Ǹ ̽ Ѵ. Einstein ֻ 𝛬 - 濡 ̴.
   ַ (empirical science) о " ̷ (nonempirical theory assessment)" ҿ ָؾ߸ Ѵ. ַп 䰡 Einstein Ϲݻ뼺 ̷̴. ... 츮 ̷ Ŵ ô ܻϴ(extrapolate) ߰Ѵ. װ Ҹ ̴. .... ֻ 𝛬 濡 ̸μ ַ ʼ ̴. ... ׹ۿ (pragmatic assessment) ִ. μ 20 ߹ݱ ־ٰ ַ ڹ (spontaneous creation of matter) ־. ߿ ִ ұĢ Ѿ δ (homogeneous)̶ Einstein ȿ Ϲ ̴. ... Ŀ´Ƽ Ż(fractal) ֶ ߸ 信 ״ 鸮 ʾҴ.
   2003⿡, Ŀ, ַ Ŀ´Ƽ п ִ '𝛬CDM ַ (cosmological model)' ˷ տ Ϲݻ뼺 Ǵ ߴ. Einstein ֻ 𝛬 ' 湰(cold dark matter)' ߿ϴ. .... dzϰ (cross-check)Ǿ, Ŀ´Ƽ е ̷ Ͼ Ϳ Ȯ , ҿ, ٻ(approximation) ̴.
       
1.2 An Overview
   Chapter 2, , ö ǹִ ִ ̰ ̶ Einstein(1917) ϴ Ѵ. װ ִ ̾ų Ǵ Ƹ ̾; Einstein Ȯ ƹ Ű . ... ̷ 'Einstein ַ (cosmological principke)' ϴ ŵ ڼϰ Ѵ.
   Chapter 3 Doppler ȿ - ̴ ָ ϵ鿡 ũٴ ߰ ߿伺 Ѵ. ...  ַ - âϴ ָ ϱ Ϲݻ뼺 ̷ Ѵ. ׸ ̾ "1948 (steady-state model)" ǵǰ, 1990 ؼ Ŀٶ Ѵ.
...Chapter 4 ְ ݰ ٸ Ϸ ä ҿ ٴٸ ϱ⿡ ϰ нϰ ߲ ִ ȭ̴. 1960 ߹ ߰ ̾߱⸦ å Find the Big Bang (Peebles, Page and Patridge 2009) ȸѴ. ׸ Gamow  ȭ ߴ° "Discovery of Hot Big Bang: What Happened in 1948" (Peebles 2014) Ѵ.
  Ȯ ַп âϴ ߷ Ҿ(instability) Ͽ ȴ. Chapter 5  Ǿ° ʱ ó 򰡿 Ҿ Ҿ ʱ ȥ ؼ Ѵ. ǥ ַ ߿伺 å Ÿ ̴.     
   Chapter 6 Fritz Zwicky ó Coma ϴܿ ߰ߴ Ӱ ߿ õп Ͽ ܰ  ߰ߵ ߱(less-luminous) ߷ ̴. ַп "湰" ߿ ̵ Ǿ. ̵ƴ ַ ƴ õп 1970뿡 ̴ ڹп ٸ (nonbarionic matter) ڶ󳵴. Ʈ뵵 ٸ ó Ͽ ణ ߷ ۾Ƽ 츮 ο ٸ ʿϴ.  
   õп , ַп 幰 ׸ ڹп ٸ ݵ (conjecture) ִ. ο ٸ 湰 Ŵ¿ ߷»̴. Chapter 7 ڹ Ŀ´Ƽ Ե 湰 1980뿡 cold and hot ΰ Ǿ. ڴ ʱ ֿ hot- 귯 Ʈ ϴ ϴ е κε ߿ ôǾ. ٸ 1977 ڹп ؼ η ʼ ҷ ҰǾ. 2 5 ׷쿡 Դ.
   Chapter 8 1980 ʱ⿡ sCDM-standard cold dark matter ؼ Ѵ. ַ Ŀ´ü ټ ϰ ̸  ϰ谡 Ǿ° ϴ äϿ Ǵ ְ ϰ ̿. װ ܸ(sections) Ȯ źϴٴ µ, Ϲݻ뼺 е ϸ ְ Ǵ Einstein ֻ 𝛬 ؼ ϴ. 𝛬 ʴ ȣϿ. 1990뿡 sCDM ȥ ƴ.  
   1999-2003 ȥ Ҵ Ŀ ̶ θ ִ. װ Chapter 9 ǵǴ ΰ ؼ̴. ù° ü Ʈ ̿ ̾, װ 1930 ַ ǥ̾µ ׷쿡 ̷. ι° 1960⿡ ۵Ǿ CMB (angular) ̴. ̵ κ  Einstein ֻ 𝛬 𝛬CDM ̷п ٸ CDM ܴ (tight case) . CDM 𝛬, ַ ϴ Բ, 鿡 ϴ ̷ ϰ ϴµ ϴ. 𝛬CDM ָ Žϴ ׷ dz ׽Ʈ ߴ.
   ַ  ڿ ٸ о߷κ Ͼ Ȯ 踦 ȮϿ° 丮 Ѵ. ַ ڿ ؼ ۵ϱ ̰ 翬 ̴. ׷ и Ƶ ִٰ Ѵ. ȵ Chapter 10 ִ.            
                                                       
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Chapter I0  The Way of Research

   ڿ о Ư ۵ 뼺鵵 ִ. ַ Ȯ (reach)  ִ (worked) ؿԴ. ... ڿ (enterprise) а ϴ ̾߱κ (consideration) Ѵ.  

10.1 Technology
   ڿп ַ ٸ ߵ Ѵٴ ݵ ޵Ǿ߸ Ѵ. ַп 캸 . Walter Baade(1939) Eastmann ȸ簡 ׿ "H-𝛼 Special"̶ -ΰ ߴٰ ߴ. ״ ̰ Wison 100ġ ÷ ȿ ִ 6600Ȧ H-𝛼 ⼱ ߱ ߰ߴ. װ õ δ ÷̾, װ θ ŷ ʸ ٰ̾ Ѵ. Walter Baade ⼱ ߰ Vera Rubin Kent Ford M 31 Ͽ Ͽ. Gerad de Vaucouleurs ߴ. 21cm ÷ ȿ õ Ǽ ǥø Ÿ´. ̵ Ȯ ַ ο ִ ٸ 湰 ̲ ŷ ߿ ߰̾. Fritz Zwicky 1930뿡 Coma ϴܿ ߱ Ÿ ߰ߴ. ϵ 帮 ߱ Figure 6.2 õ ʳⰣ (realization)̾.
     ξ . Margeret Geller 527 ۼߴ. 鸸 ̿ ð Ʈ ִ. ̸ ϰ õ ͵ ƴϾ. װ͵ е(mean mass density) ǹ ؼ ϵ ġ  µ ͸ ϵ Ǿ. α׷ κ Ż ȿ м Ѵ. ̴ Chapter 3 1990뿡 Ǹ е α׷ ϰ Ͽ.            

10.2 Human Behavior
   ־ Ϲ Ϸ ̶ ͵ ޵Ǿ ϴ. 츮 Ϻδ οǰų Table 3.2 е ϴ ִ. ʱ⿡ Ⱑ е â ⸸ŭ ū ߰ϴ ̾, 1990뿡 е ü    ܴϰ ߴ. ... е α׷ ǥ Ǵ Ȯ ַ ʿ ġִ ߴ.
   ַ ؼ Ư شǴ ۾ ɻ μ  츮 ϰ, ݰ ̰ װ ΰ ϴ ͵̴. ׷ 1980 ߹ݺ 1990 Ը ô е ְ ̷ Ż ӵ âϴ ׷ ΰ ϴ 븦 ԽŲ. ׷ 츮 Ż ӵ  â Ư ô뿡 ϰ ִ ̴. ̷ , ׵ Ϲݻ뼺 Ŵ ܻ(exptrapolation) â ΰ ϰ Ǿ. ׸ ׷ Ǵ , е Einstein ȥ Ͽµ, ᱹ DZ ߴ. Ŀٶ , ڿ Ը𿡼 ܻ ͵ ַп Ͼ ʾҴ. װ ٲ⸦ ϴ շѴ.            
   谡 κ ʾ ڿ  ̴ Ǵٸ θ Ư¡(trait)̴, 츮 ƴ κ ܻ ŷ̴. ַ Ȯϰ а Ҿ Ϲݻ뼺 Ϲ ̴. Ƹ ̰ κ Ϲݻ뼺 ̷ Ư ϱ , Ȯ κδ ٸ Einstein ȸϰ ֱ ̴.
   κ ַ ܻ ̵ ʷ, â(continual creation), ȭƮȦ, ڱȭ ֲ(cosmic strings), ð ǰ(spacetime foam), Ƽ, ׸ 湰 濡 , ߷ а (Ǵ) ʱ ׷ ̵ äϰų ôϱ⿡ ̸.
   ׷ 츮  κ ڵ ϴ ַп ϰ ִ°?  ϰ ܼϰ ִ ַ ǥ ܻϴ ̴. ַ ַ, 츮 ŷ ִ, (perturbation) ̷ 꿡 ؼ ̷а θ ϴ ׽Ʈ Ѵ. ... μ κ 츮 𝛬CDM Ѵ. ǿ δ, ڿ п ó, ̷ ִٸ, 츮 츮 ͵ и ñ ݰ ̴. ׷ 츮 ڿ ޽Ų п Ͼ.

10.3 Road Not Taken   
   Einstein ǰ DZ ߴٰ . 츮 ð Ư뼺 , ٸ ϴ ̴. ׷ Ϲݻ뼺 ᱹ , 츮 Einstein ְ 䵿 Ѿ ϰ ̶ ִ ִ.
   ʱ Ʈ ̸ ߴٸ, 翡 漺 ̴. ... ׷ 츮 ʴ ٴٿ ִٸ, κ Ͽ ڴ ̴ δ ־ δ ÷ ȿ 鼭 ٴٸ ̴,  츮 Ŀٶ 漺 ,, 츮 ׷ Ư ϱ?
   Ư뼺 ð Ͽ ڴ ٸ Ϲ ʴ 缱 ǰ ٴٸ ϴ ̷ο ̴. 츮 . Robertson-Walker Ѱ  е ֻ Friedmann-Lemaitre ̴.
   (10.1)      𝑑𝑠2 = 𝑑𝑡2 - (𝑡/𝑅)2[𝑑𝑥2/{1 + (𝑥/𝑅)2} + 𝑥2(𝑑𝜃2 + cos2𝜃𝑑𝜙2)],
⼭ 𝑅 ̴. ̰ Ư뼺 ð Ű(labeling) ǥ̴. ϵ ǥ vector 𝑥 ؼ ӵ Ʈ ̵ Ѵ. ׸ Ʈ ̶, µ 𝑇 𝑡-1 ðȴ. װ Ư뼺 ̷ ϴ ִ ̴. ִ ſ (arbitrarily) ߰ſ,  𝑡 0: ߰ſ .
   Gamow õ缺 츮 ߰ſ ߴ. ״ Ϲݻ뼺 ϰ ־, е ü е 𝜌 е Ѵٸ 濪 Ѱ迡 ۵Ѵٰ ߴ. ׷ Ͽ ̴ âϴ (shell) ݰ 𝑎(𝑡) ȭ    
   (10.2)    1/2 (𝑑𝑎/𝑑𝑡)2 - 4/3 𝐺𝜌𝑎2 = 𝐸,
⼭ 𝐸 ̴. ̰ ֻ 𝛬   𝑅-2 濪 𝐸 Friedmann-Lemaitre ϳ̴. (10.2) ð ̺ [p.34] (3.4) İ Ҿ
   (10.3)    1/𝑎2 𝑑2𝑎/𝑑𝑡2 = -4/3 𝐺(𝜌 + 3𝑝).
̰ ٸ Friedmann-Lemaitre ̴. ̰ з(𝑝) ۿϴ ߷ еμ ۿϵ 䱸ϴµ, GamoW ǵ ̸ ־, ׷ ̴ ڵ鿡 Einstein Ѵ. ڵ ⿡ٰ ٹ ˾Ұ õڵ ̰Ϳ ̸ ٸ, (10.3) ʴ dz ҵ Ͱ ϱ⿡ ̴.  
   ̷ (10.1) ð â 𝑎 = 𝑡/𝑅 (10.3) ġ ʴ ε, ̴ 츮 е ִ ָ ϴ ̴, װ θ: (10.1) 𝑡/𝑅 (10.3) Լ 𝑎(𝑡) ġ϶. װ ־ ð ϴ Ҹ . Ǵٽ, 츮 dz ڵ ̸ νϰ ư ְڴ. װ, Einstein 𝛬 , м ̴. ׷ Ƹ 𝛬 ߸ϰ ̲ ̴.
   (10.3) Ϲȭ, Einstein Newton Բ, ŵ ո ϴµ; ŵ Ϲȭ ϴ. Ƹ ̷(perturbatiion theory) Թݻ뼺 ߷ ̴. Ȥ Feynmann, Einstein , Ƹ ̷(field theory)Ƿ ڵ Ϲݻ뼺 ̶ Ѵ. ߷̷п ߰ ַ 뿡 Einstein õ缺 ʿߴ ƴ ϳ, ׷ װ Ȯ 츮 ַп ռ Ͽ.
   CMB ν Ŀ ϳ ΰ ־. 1990뿡  е ϴ ǥ ֱϴ , ٸ а õп ַ ϰ ߱ϰ ־. װ Einstein ֻ Ȯ ʾ â ð ŰǷ 켼ϰ Ǿ. ... ð ô Ž翡 е ǿ ڷᰡ ־ٸ, ð ô 𝛬CDM ̷п ΰ?
   𝛬CDM ų , 츮 ſ ߷ ̷ ϴ ϳ ? ... ֱ , ַп  ȸ ־ٰ . װ θаԴ ׷ , 𝛬CDM ǥ Ͱ ʴ. 츮 ٻ(approximation) ؼ ϰ ִ.      

10.4 The Social Construction of Science 
   츮 ڿ 츮 ߰ ִ Ģ ۵Ѵٴ ٻ Ѵٰ ϰ ʹ. ڿ α׷ Ȯϰ ̾. ַ ȸ (construction)̴. 1920 Ŵ ô Einstein ̵ Ϲݻ뼺 м ع ϳ տ ȸ ̾. 1930뿡 Hubble ߰߰ ׿ Humanson ణ , 1950 Ż(fractal) ְ ǿ ɼ̾, װ ô 濪 м ִ Ż 𝐷 = 1 Ư ϰ ־. ׷ 츮 Ŵ ô к Ʈ Ÿ ʴ 縦 ߰ϱ⿡ ̸. ̰ Ŵ ô ȸ κ 츮 ׸ -׽Ʈ κ ϵ ϳ.
   ַ , ַ ε α׷κ ǵ λ깰 ʴ ģ (Section 4.4.2), CN 1 κ (Section 4.4.1) ׸ ̷Ӱ (Section 4.3.1)  ̸. Ϳ ؼ ̵ ߸ : Ż ԰ de Vaucouleurs (1970) ̸ ȣ . Ʋ ̵ : ̷ κδ ַ ȭ ҵ ʿ伺 ߴ. (Section 4.2.1)                     
  ׷ ̵ ǥ ذ ϴ Ϲ Ģ ȣȭϱ(encode) ƴ. װ ְ ̴. ׷, ణ Ϲ ̵ε ִ. ̷, ̷ ϴµ ׸ ʾҴ, Ҽ ִ ΰ ִ. ̸ ̷ ߰(addition) ȴ.   ̷ ؼ 쿡, ̴߰.19060 ַп ش ڸ, ϴ Hubble (estmate) 𝐻0 Ưȭ(characteristic) е 𝐻02/𝐺 Ưȭ ð 𝐻0-1 شٴ Ⱦ δ ϴٴ ߰ߴ. ÿ ΰ е ̿ ״ ʾҴ.
   䱸Ǵ ַ 1974⿡ Ͽ 2000 5⵿ȿ ϼǾ. (Section 9.3) װ͵ ϰ ǹְ Ϲ ó õ ʴ  並 ؼ 𝛬CDM κ ַڵ ϵ ߴ.      
   ַ ڹа ù° κ Ȥ װͿ ɼ Ѵ. װ ʴ ٴٿ (acustic oscilation) κ ŭ 䱸Ǵ ߴ. ϵ ַп ߿ Ư, 20⸻ ķε, 迡 Ը ʰ ִµ, װ ϱ Ʊ ̴. ȸ  ü 츮 ַ ĥ ġ ִ ִٰ ϴ DZ/ Ѵ.  
   ȸ William Ogburn Dorothy Thomas (1922), ׸ Robert Merton (1961) ڿп ϳ ̻ и ̵ Ÿ ⿡ "Ƽ(multiples)"̶ ߴ. ģ Darwin Wallace   ڿ ̰ ȿ ν̴. Ƹ ַп Ƽ Ҹ μ 291 ִ Table  7.1 ִ ټ ׷ ſ(cold) 湰 ʰų õڵ ߱ Ÿ ļ Ұߴ ̴. ϵ ޻â ؼ ٷ ʿ ڹڵ ߰ſ 𿡼 ٸ Ž鿡 ؼ ̾߱ ִ. ׸ ̽ʳⰣ ַп ֿ μ Ѵ.        
   Ŀ ַп Ȱ̾ Ҹ Robert Dicke, George Gamow, Fred Hoyle ׸ Yakov Zel'dovich̴. Gamow ٹп å(1931, 1937, 1949) ʱ ٹ ؼ װ غǾ ش. Gamow ַп ؼ ̷ο , 1948 ǵ å ؼ̴. ״ Ǹ ڿ, dz ̳ ׷ Ἲ ɰ ʾҴ. ʴ (p.151) ߴ Joe Weber 鿡 츮 ˰Ե ͵ ־ٰ Ѵ.
   Hoyle ȭ ׸ װ͵ ȭ ҵ ̷ ˻(examinations) ￴. ׷ 츮 ȭ λ(impression) ״ ַ Ÿ ð ô ʹ Ŵؼ ǿ : ַ Ȯ ; ַ ö Ͽ߸ Ѵٰ ٴ ̴. Ŀ  ׿ Bondi ׸ Gold 1948 (steady-state) ַ Ǹ ö ̾. ׷ ŵ װ 1940ⵥ ־ ͺ ָ ôǾų, Ȥ 1960뿡 ߾µ, Holye ַ ħ(guiding) 츮 ȭǰ Ǵ ̷ εϴ 볳 ߴ.   
   Gamow Holye 1949⿡ ǵǾµ: Hoyle Bondi Gold Բ (steady-state) ؼ ׸ Gamow ߰ſ ؼ. ׵ Ȯ ൿϿ. ... Hoye ̶ ̸ ̵ ߴ. Gamow (1954) 1948 ϵ , 𼭿 װ ٴ Ÿ ߴ. ׸ Zel'dovich Dicke Ҵٰ ߰ ߴ.    
   Dicke Zel'dovich κ , Zel'dovich Arzamas-16 ģ ٹ⿡ ؼ ׸ Dicke ̱ MIT ҿ ̴ٿ ٸ ʴ ؼ. Ѵ ׷ ߴ. Dicke ߷ ׷ (Dicke, Wilkinson, Peebles) Plate VI ְ, Zel'dovich ׷ ҷ ߿ ڵ (Zel'dovich, Marx, Novikov ... Einasto, Doroshkevich ... Sunyaev)  Plate VII ִ.  
   Zel'dovich ҷκ ʱ ַ ڹб ̷а. Zel'dovich ô ǥ а Ҿ Ϲݻ뼺 ŵ ߴ. Dicke ߷ 迡 ȭ װ͵ ϱ ߴ. ״ ִ 쿡 ̷п ̸ . ö ڽ ̶ , Dicke װ Ȯϰ ߴ.
   ƴ , Zel'dovich Dicke ַа ߷ п α׷ â θ ߴ. Zel'dovich Gamow ַп ؿԴ ͵ ˾Ұ ̸ , ó Gamow ߰ſ ̷ ҵ dzԿ Ͽ ˷ Ѵٰ . ״ ʴ   Žκ ߰ſ ̷ Ÿ ߰, м ֿ ߴ. ָ ϴܿ ߰ſ ö ʴ Ʈ Sunyaev-Zel'dovich ȿ̴. ϳ ǥ 𝛬CDM ̷ ٸ Alex Szalay ߰ſ 湰 Ʈ Zel'dovich ַ ̴.
   Zel'dovich Ʈ 밡 Szalay Marxfh ߰ſ 湰 ϵ ̱ Cowsilk Mccelland ϰ ־ ָ. ׸ ũ Doroshkevich Novikov 溹 ̺󿡼 Ҹ ϰ , , ƴ ٽ ʿ , Ͽ 뼱 ϰ ־. (Figure 4.3 on p.152)
   ҷ Zel'dovich , ҷ ο ټ̳ ڽ ҷ ɰ 鿡 ұϰ ַп ϰ ־ٴ ڵ ȸ ʰڴ. ʴ ҷÿ Relikt ̼(mission) ̾. װ ̱ COBE 6 1983⿡ ߻Ǿ 縦 ؼ 츮 ӿ ֱ(dipole) 漺 и (mapped). ҷ ر ̾ ̼ Relikt-2 ߻縦 ߴ. 츮 ں 迡 ɰ ֽ ر COBE ߻縦 ִٰ ִµ, ݸ鿡 ҷ Ʈ ر Relikt-2 ̼ ϼ ־. ϰ ȣ ߱ ְ ڵ Ѵٸ  źźϰ ̰ ȸ ִٴ ̴. װ Ƹ Zel'dovich ַ ϱ , ҷ ٹ α׷ ⿩ ٰ Ǿ ̴. ״ Ϸ ȸ 뵿 Ǿ.        
   Dicke õ ߴ; ʱ ǵ 󼺴 (1939) ׸ ¾ ޷κ ʴ Ž (Dicke and Beringer 1946) Ѵ. Ŀ ״ " "̶ Ī ִ 10 ´. ״ 1950 Ĺݿ ߷ : ǰ Ӱ ߷ ѽõ ϱ ߴ.
   1958⿡ п ʳ Ͽ , ߷ ׷ ̹ ߷ Ž ϰ ־, ٸ Ͻ ʱ ¥ ġ (Դ Ұ) ͵ ϰ ־. װ ְ ȭϸ鼭 Ⱓ ߱ ߷ ؠ ִٴ Dicke Ȥ Ⱑ οǾ. ... Dicke ǿ ϰ ߷¿ ̷ο ¡ ִ ٸ ڿ о߿ ߰ߵDZ⸦  ߴ. Ư ͵ , ϱ⿡ ̵ ͸; ϴ Ʈũ; ߷ ϴ ; ׸ ȭ Ͽ ׷ ͵ ʴ ̴ (Peebles 2017). Dicke ߷¹ Ž , װ ׷ ̷ ٸ پ缺鿡 ߴ. ߷ ׷ 4μ ̴.
   1980 ʿ Zel'dovich ũ ׸ ȣڿ. װ ׷ иϰ Ʋ ұϰ ҷÿ ̵ ߱ ϱ? ... ũ ׷ ̽鿡 ؾ ߾µ, źź ū ׸ ȣϰ ִ. ־ ҷ Ȳ õ ִ ׷ ʷϰ ߽ɺΰ ũ ׷ ߷ ߾(dead center)  ߴٰ Ѵ. ̰, , Ͼ.
   1990 Ҽ ַ Ȱ̾. ̰ ϴ ߴ ַп ̵ Ӽ ⿩ߴٰ Ѵ. ִ. 1949 ĸ ӿ " ü " Heisenberg Ǵ . (turbulent flow) Ģ̰ (lamiar flow) ΰ ܶ ׷ Ͽ âϴ ֿ ǽɽ ̶ ϰ ̲. Hubble 帧 -Ų Ģ- ٰ ̰ ϰ Ư ʱ û, ϴ ʱ ߾ ü 帧 ޸ (exponently) Ҿ ʴ. ٸ Gamow 1954 ַ ȣ 鿡 : ׷ ַ 1948 Ǵ ٸ, ϵ ϰ ʷߴ°? Gamow ׷ ° Ѵ. 1980뱸 ũ ׸ . ׶ ַп Ȱ̾, ׷ ҷ ַڵ κа ȣ , 츮 Ŀ´̼ ʼ . 1990뿡 μ â Ż ӵ е 1/3 Ұϴٴ dz Ϸ ŵ鿡 . ⼭ Ŀ´̼ 庮 ŵ 򰡵DZ⿡ ʹ ִٴ Ͱ ׸ 鿡 Einsetein-de Sitter ߸DZ⿡ ʹ ϴٴ ̾. 츮 ڽ ⸸Ϸ Ȯ ΰ (nature) ⺻ ε, Ƹ ϱ⿡ 󼭴 ִ. Ƹ ڿ α оߵ鿡 ȿ ̴. ׷ 츮 ַ 翡 ׷ ߸ ñ Ž .    
   ڿп ڽó ַп κ Kuhn (1962),  ߱ϴ ̵ Ұϰ Ȯ , "ַ "̶  ̴. Fred Hoyle ö ֵϴ ַ Ҵ. Bob Dicke ȭ Ž ޲پ. λ , 츮 츮 ׵ п Ѵ. 츮 鵵 ϴµ; ϵ Ͽ ַ   Ϸ Allan Sandage, ״ ̾; ȿ ˻ ʽż ؼ ̸ õ Stirling Colgate, ׷ ߰; ħ ׵ ǥ ; ׸ ڵ : ʴ ϴ ɰ ´ ̴. 𝛬CDM ̷ װ ϴ ǹ̿ Ȯȴ. ׷ 𝛬CDM (clouds) ׸ 츮 Ӱ Ƹ ΰ Ȯϰ ̶ ϼ ִ.      

* Textbook: P. J. E. Peebles Cosmology's Century (Princeton University Press 2020) Chapter 1 and Chapter 10

p.s. ' ַ' 2019 뺧 л 86 Jim Peebles  Żߴ
       å ַ Ϸ кλ  θ ߴٴ ַ !
       Ư, ֱٱ ַп õ ͵ ϰ ־ 뺧 ٰ .
       Gamow, Hoyle, Dicke ׸ Ư Zel'dovich ȸ/䰡 å  ...
       ϴ ٸ н ߰, ߿ å ó Ͽ ַ е鿡 Ұ..


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 ' ַ' Ž     1 2017-08-15
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 Ű Ʈ:  ✅   [1]   1 2021-09-28
06:56:21
2318
145  Baumann's Cosmology  6a. Relativistic Perturbation     4 2024-11-08
17:16:07
177
144    Cosmology  6b. Einstein Equations; Initial Conditions     4 2024-11-08
17:16:07
177
143      Cosmology  6c. Growth of Matter Perturbations     4 2024-11-08
17:16:07
177
142        Cosmology  6d. Summary and Problems  ✍🏻     4 2024-11-08
17:16:07
177
141  Baumann's Cosmology  4a. Cosmological Inflation     5 2024-10-21
22:17:39
261
140    Cosmology  4b. The Physics of Inflation     5 2024-10-21
22:17:39
261
139      Cosmology  5a. Newtonian Perturbation     5 2024-10-21
22:17:39
261
138        Cosmology  5b. Statistical Properties etc.     5 2024-10-21
22:17:39
261
137          Cosmology  5c. Summary and Problems     5 2024-10-21
22:17:39
261
136  Baumann's Cosmology  3a. The Hot Big Bang      4 2024-09-22
23:39:47
403
135    Cosmology  3b. Thermal Equilibrium     4 2024-09-22
23:39:47
403
134      Cosmology  3c. The Boltzmann Equation     4 2024-09-22
23:39:47
403
133        Cosmology  3d. Beyond Equilibrium     4 2024-09-22
23:39:47
403
132  Baumann's Cosmology  1. Introduction  ✅     5 2024-09-01
12:43:52
1678
131    Cosmology  2a. The Expanding Universe     5 2024-09-01
12:43:52
1678
130      Cosmology  2b. Dynamics       5 2024-09-01
12:43:52
1678
129        Cosmology  2c. Friedmann Equations     5 2024-09-01
12:43:52
1678
128          Cosmology  2d. Our Universe     5 2024-09-01
12:43:52
1678
127  Waves  1. Wave fundamentals  ✅     8 2024-05-07
09:24:42
1189
126    Waves  2. The wave equation     8 2024-05-07
09:24:42
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125      Waves  3a. General solution; Boundary conditions     8 2024-05-07
09:24:42
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124        Waves  3b. Fourier theory     8 2024-05-07
09:24:42
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123          Waves  3c. Wave packets and dispersion     8 2024-05-07
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122            Waves  4. Mechanical wave equation     8 2024-05-07
09:24:42
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121              Waves  5. Electromagnetic wave equation     8 2024-05-07
09:24:42
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120                Waves  6. Quantum wave equation     8 2024-05-07
09:24:42
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119  Gravirational Collapse and Space-Time Singularities  📚 🔵     1 2023-06-12
13:50:03
5442
118  Mathematics of Astronomy  1. Gravity; Light  ✅     4 2023-05-02
08:31:40
1423
117    Mathematics of Astronomy  2. Parallax, angular size etc.       4 2023-05-02
08:31:40
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116      Mathematics of Astronomy  3. Stars     4 2023-05-02
08:31:40
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115        Mathematics of Astronomy  4. Black holes & cosmology     4 2023-05-02
08:31:40
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114   Still < ϴ ڹ>       3 2022-04-14
18:49:01
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113    Becker < ΰ?>     3 2022-04-14
18:49:01
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112      Penrose <ð ȯ> (!) [u. 5/2023]  🌹     3 2022-04-14
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